Corporate

Foreign Exchange: All foreign currency, all kinds of bonds, checks, policies, letters of credit, remittances and similar assets that are valid for international payments. Money in the form of cash is called “foreign currency” for those who are in the form of any “effective”, cash-convertible instrument (bank transfer, payment order, foreign exchange policies, deposit certificates, travel checks, etc.).

Foreign exchange is a word that can be expressed in various ways. The Turkish Currency Protection Law expresses the foreign currency as any account, document and tool that allows to pay foreign currency, including effective.

Foreign Exchange: Foreign exchange is the process of replacing documents that replace money or money. Foreign exchange bills, on the other hand, are the bills which are arranged to be paid in foreign currency and used in international trade. It covers transactions related to buying and selling money. The bill of exchange is the most common type of valuable paper that has all the features of the valuable paper and is used in practice. It is specially regulated in the Turkish Commercial Code because of its importance, which is regulated in writing to the order, which is the subject that it will definitely receive a money in terms of the rights they contain, and which has many transactions and effects in the economic field.

While the exchange is the purchase and sale of all kinds of instruments and bills that replace cash or money, the exchange regarding the circulation of national and foreign currencies; All kinds of bonds, checks, policies and other securities that can replace money and can be used as payment instruments.

Foreign Exchange Legislation: All of the legal texts that regulate the procedures and principles regarding the circulation of money and other securities and minerals and stones in the domestic market and the export or import from the country are called Foreign Exchange Legislation.

FOB (Free On Board): It means that the seller’s delivery obligation is fulfilled by transferring the goods to the shipboard at the specified loading port.

CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight): It means that the seller has an obligation to provide maritime insurance against the risk of loss and damage of goods, as well as the cost and freight.

CFR (Cost And Freight): It means the seller pays the costs and the freight cost required to transport the goods subject to the specified destination.

Convertible Currencies: Currencies that are accepted by all countries in the international money markets and therefore have the opportunity to be freely converted to another country’s currency.

Foreign Exchange Purchase Document (DAB): It is the document issued while the purchase of export fees and bank commissions requested by the exporter’s bank.

Foreign Exchange Selling Document (DSB): Import fees paid abroad, commissions of intermediary broker, commissions requested by correspondent branches of the bank in the country, etc. It is called the document issued for.

Foreign Exchange Deposits Account (DTH): Foreign currency or effects that are made in the free savings of real or legal persons residing abroad or domestically are deposit accounts opened by banks or private financial institutions. The use of currencies in these accounts is free.

Customs: It is defined as the place where control and surveillance of commercial movements are carried out at the entrance and exit of a country. In other words, it is the place where customs procedures are carried out when going abroad or returning from abroad. The following sections that concern the most important part of customs transactions, which concern the foreign trade transactions, gain importance.

Customs tariff: It is one of the oldest and most used tools of foreign economic policy. In the definition, customs are taxes and duties that are paid when a certain goods cross the customs border. The tariff, on the other hand, is the lists that determine the taxes applied to all goods that are subject to international trade. Customs taxes are calculated according to the tariff in force at the time of the customs duty.

The customs value of the goods: The customs value of the goods is the value determined within the framework of the Customs Law and the provisions of the Customs Regulations for the implementation of non-tariff regulations on certain issues related to the trade of goods. The customs value statement of imported goods indicates the value of the goods that will constitute the basis for the calculation of the customs tax according to the advalorem system on the imported goods.

Brand: A brand is a name, term, word, symbol (symbol), design (design), sign, shape, color or various components thereof, which are used to identify, promote and differentiate the goods and services of one or a group of manufacturers and sellers.

Free Zone: Free zones are regions that are located within the political boundaries of the country in which they are located but are considered outside the customs line in terms of Foreign Trade, Tax and Customs Legislation. Wider exemptions and incentives are granted for industrial and commercial activities in free zones than those provided in the country. free zones in Turkey, Turkey Although free zones are part of the Customs Territory;

– is not subject to any customs regime not in free circulation; customs duty, trade and camb

Import: The process of getting mel and service from a foreign country is called import. Foreign purchase. It is the purchase of goods produced in other countries by buyers in the country. It is also called foreign purchase. It is the opposite of exports and with it forms the foreign trade balance of a country. Imports can be made by private or legal entities directly by public economic institutions or the government. Import types can be listed as follows.

– Imports with letter of credit: Before the shipment of the goods, the buyer opens a loan to be paid at the bank of the seller at the bank where the seller is located, in exchange for the delivery of the shipment document.

– Imports against goods: It is the import that takes place after the customs clearance of the goods by paying the price.

– Free import: Goods (special items, gifts etc.) introduced into the country without tax.

– Imports against documents: Imports are made by obtaining documents from the bank by paying the price of the document showing that the goods have been departed from the country of import without the condition of having arrived.

– Credit Imports: Term imports made to be paid later.

– Temporary Admissible Imports: It is an import made for export.

– Annonsinport Import: It is an import provided that the sale is made and the cost of the goods is transferred at the end of a certain term.

Export: The export of goods and services produced by individuals and organizations to abroad is called export. Export. It is the export of the sale of a good to foreign countries against foreign currency. From the production of the product to export quality and in accordance with international standards and market conditions, its marketing abroad, advertising and promotion, performing its foreign sales, choosing the most suitable packaging and shipping form, knowing the foreign trade legislation in the country of the exporter, completing the necessary transactions on time and It takes place through various stages extending to its delivery on time.

The exporter is a real taxpayer and a real or legal person registered in the Chambers of Commerce and Industry in the city where he is located and who does not have any obstacle to export according to other laws. The exporting company fills in the form it has prepared for the country it will export from the Chambers. By adding the invoice of the material to go abroad, he applies to the Chamber regarding a petition and the documents are certified after the necessary examination. Companies that will export the goods covered by the Exporters’ Associations must be members of the Associations. These goods cannot be exported without having the Union membership certificate.

Transit Trade: Transit trade is the sale of goods purchased from a company or warehouse located abroad or in the free zone, either in transit or directly to a company or warehouse located abroad or in the free zone. Transit trade requests are made to the banks by issuing a “Transit Trade Form”. Regarding the goods subject to transit trade, taxes, duties, fees and funds related to imports and exports are not collected. According to the permission that can be given by the Customs Authorities, it is not “actual import” to take the goods to the fictitious warehouses or warehouses to cross the Turkish customs line for labor. Goods that are forbidden from trade by international agreements and goods that the Undersecretariat does not deem suitable for transit trade as per the article policy cannot be subject to transit trade. Transit trade cannot be made with countries for which import and export is prohibited.

Soilless agriculture was first introduced in 1930 by the British Professor. The foundation was laid by William Gericke and later developed in the Netherlands. This practice began in 1995, Turkey was able to come to an important position in the foreign market and investment area soon.

Soilless agriculture is not very known in our country because this production is mainly for export. The reason for this is that the cost of products produced with soilless agriculture is high and this cost is reflected parallel to the price. In other words, the price of a tomato, which costs 1 lira with soilless agriculture, on the market bench reaches an average of 3.5 liras. buyers of these products in Europe, which is far above the ordinary consumer purchasing power in Turkey too. These countries have already started to purchase land from Turkey to landless agriculture.

In soilless agriculture, which is the most preferred form of production in the world, the product grows not in the soil on the ground, but in containers special for seedlings to be grown. The seedling is planted in a substance called Rock wool brought from Denmark. Rock wool is a material that can hold water. However, a substance called perlite is added to the container. As this substance has the feature of providing thermal insulation, it minimizes the effect of the plant from temperature changes.

After the seedling is planted, bumblebees enter the stage during ripening and fruiting. These bees, with their licking and absorbing tongue, provide pollination by absorbing the interior of the flowers during the flowering period so that the product is formed.

The aeroponic system is the method applied to the roots of plants by spraying nutrient solutions continuously or intermittently as fog or vapor. Compared to other systems, this system, which saves water and fertilizers, has headers for disposing of nutrient solution and engine assembly that operates the system under pressure.

Aeroponic is the cultivation technique in which plants are placed on foam panels and plant roots hang in the air under the panel. The panels used are formed in closed boxes without light transmittance to stimulate root formation and prevent algae growth. The nutrient solution is sprayed into the roots in the form of fine mist. Fogging is done 1-2 seconds every 2-3 minutes. This is enough to keep the roots moist and to air the nutrient solution. Plants take water and nutrients from the solution fog sticking to the roots.

Pigments are compounds used in coloring materials such as paint, textile, cosmetics, food. These substances are mostly insoluble in water and after being ground into fine powder, they are mixed with a liquid suitable for their intended use. Natural origin of pigments, which can be organic or inorganic, have been used since prehistoric times.

Organic pigments are pigments with hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen atoms in addition to carbon in their structure. Organic pigments of natural origin are obtained from animals and plants. For example, the red dye pigment obtained from the cochineal beetle is frequently used to color foods, cosmetics and fabrics.

Most of the organic pigments used today are synthetic pigments from petroleum. However, a large amount of toxic waste emerges during the production of synthetic organic pigments.

Synthetic inorganic pigments are produced as a result of relatively simple chemical reactions than synthetic organic pigments. Natural inorganic pigments consisting of mineral compounds are found in soil and rocks and have been used as dyes for thousands of years. The ultramarine blue, which was bright, dark blue and obtained by grinding the lapus lazuli stone, was a rare and higher-value pigment than that in the Renaissance period.

Paints, which are generally used to protect and color the surfaces, are produced by mixing pigments with natural or synthetic binders and solvents that give fluidity to the paint, which give the paint properties such as stickiness, gloss, durability and flexibility.